Paul Bertau Cornely (March 9, 1906 – February 9, 2002) was an American physician, public health pioneer, and civil rights activist. In 1934, he became the first African American to earn a doctoral degree in public health. He was elected President of the American Public Health Association in 1970.
Early life and education
Cornely was born in Pointe-à-Pitre,
Guadeloupe.
His mother was Adrienne Mellon and his father Eleodore Cornely.
At the age of three his family moved to
Puerto Rico.
He moved to the
United States as a teenager, and grew up mainly in
Harlem and, later, then
Detroit.
He attended the University of Michigan, where he earned his bachelor's degree, medical, and public health degrees. At the time, very few medical schools admitted Black students, and segregation limited medical students' options for internships and specialization.
During his medical studies, Cornely was one of only four Black students in a class of 250.
He was also a student during the
Great Depression (which particularly impacted Black communities in the
United States) and had to work to support himself throughout his studies.
He later recalled that, during his final year of medical school, he did not know whether he would be able to complete his training because of the lack of jobs for funding it.
Eventually, his medical studies were supported by the
Julius Rosenwald fund.
Because of segregation, Black physicians were allowed to intern only at Black hospitals, which were often overcrowded and had poor safety standards.
Cornely was an intern at Lincoln Hospital, which was financially supported by wealthy white donors because white people believed that treating diseases amongst Black communities “would prevent spreading diseases to whites.”
Upon finishing his internship, Cornely was not able to find a surgical residency program that would admit Black physicians, so he returned to the University of Michigan to complete a public health doctoral degree. His doctoral research considered postgraduate medical education in the
United States. He specialized in hygiene and public health.
In 1934, he became the first Black person to earn a doctorate in public health in the
United States.
While at the University of Michigan, Cornely was supported by John Sundwall, the first director of the University of Michigan health service, and Warren Forsythe, then-President of the American Public Health Association.
Research and career
In 1934, Cornely joined the faculty of the Howard University College of Medicine.
At Howard, Cornely developed a program that concentrated on public health provision to underserved communities.
He worked in preventative medicine and, in 1942, was named Head of the Department of Bacteriology.
In his early career, he visited historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) across the
United States, where he monitored the quality of health centers and other campus facilities.
As part of this work, he identified severe shortcomings in the number of healthcare workers (some 19 nurses to serve 24,000 students) and was not impressed by the sanitary conditions of cafeterias.
He found that the dormitories were overcrowded and rarely provided suitable facilities for personal hygiene or studying.
On his return to Howard University, Cornely wrote a series of recommendations to improve the living conditions of students at HBCUs.
He was made Director of the Howard University Hospital, where he studied
tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infections and
scarlet fever.
He worked alongside Dorothy Celeste Boulding Ferebee, an African American gynecologist and civil rights activist.
Cornely became involved with the civil rights movement in the 1950s and planned the Imhotep National Conference on hospital integration.
At Howard University, Cornely advocated for culturally sensitive training to be given to white healthcare providers. In particular, Cornely called for Psychiatrist and Psychologist to better recognize the impacts of racism and discrimination on mental health.
In 1968, he organized the Black Caucus of Health Workers, which continues to support African-American public health workers to this day.
Cornely frequently called out pseudoscientific studies, all of which ignore the social determinants of health and well-being, that claimed Black people were inherently inferior to whites.
Cornely was aware of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment throughout its existence, and taught it as a case study to African-American medical students at Howard University.
In 1973, after almost forty years at Howard University, Cornely retired as a Professor Emeritus of Community Health.
Academic service
In 1939, Cornely founded the National Student Health Association. In 1962, Cornely was the founding President of the District of Columbia Public Health Association, which went on to become the Metropolitan Washington Public Health Association.
In 1970, he was the first Black person to be elected President of the American Public Health Association.
Awards and honors
His awards and honors include:
-
1968: Honorary Doctorate from the University of Michigan
-
1969: Elected President of the American Public Health Association
-
1972: American Public Health Association Sedgwick Memorial Medal
-
1972: Appointed to the Rockefeller Commission on Population Growth and the American Future
Selected publications
His publications include;
Personal life
Cornely became a
Naturalization American citizen in 1934, the same year he married Mae Stewart.
He died on February 9, 2002.
In honor of Cornely, the University of Michigan established the Cornely Postdoctoral Programme, which provides support to public health scholars “who are conducting research on the clarification, reduction, and elimination of racial and ethnic health disparities.”
In 1984, The Physician Forum launched the Paul Cornely Award.
